Update: Joyent now has their own guide. The following information is more of a summary:

Safely "throwing" errors

Ideally we'd like to avoid uncaught errors as much as possible, as such, instead of literally throwing the error, we can instead safely "throw" the error using one of the following methods depending on our code architecture:

• For synchronous code, if an error happens, return the error:

  // Define divider as a syncrhonous function
  var divideSync = function(x,y) {
      // if error condition?
      if ( y === 0 ) {
          // "throw" the error safely by returning it
          return new Error("Can't divide by zero")
      }
      else {
          // no error occured, continue on
          return x/y
      }
  }
  
  // Divide 4/2
  var result = divideSync(4,2)
  // did an error occur?
  if ( result instanceof Error ) {
      // handle the error safely
      console.log('4/2=err', result)
  }
  else {
      // no error occured, continue on
      console.log('4/2='+result)
  }
  
  // Divide 4/0
  result = divideSync(4,0)
  // did an error occur?
  if ( result instanceof Error ) {
      // handle the error safely
      console.log('4/0=err', result)
  }
  else {
      // no error occured, continue on
      console.log('4/0='+result)
  }
  

• For callback-based (ie. asynchronous) code, the first argument of the callback is err, if an error happens err is the error, if an error doesn't happen then err is null. Any other arguments follow the err argument:

  var divide = function(x,y,next) {
      // if error condition?
      if ( y === 0 ) {
          // "throw" the error safely by calling the completion callback
          // with the first argument being the error
          next(new Error("Can't divide by zero"))
      }
      else {
          // no error occured, continue on
          next(null, x/y)
      }
  }
  
  divide(4,2,function(err,result){
      // did an error occur?
      if ( err ) {
          // handle the error safely
          console.log('4/2=err', err)
      }
      else {
          // no error occured, continue on
          console.log('4/2='+result)
      }
  })
  
  divide(4,0,function(err,result){
      // did an error occur?
      if ( err ) {
          // handle the error safely
          console.log('4/0=err', err)
      }
      else {
          // no error occured, continue on
          console.log('4/0='+result)
      }
  })
  

• For eventful code, where the error may happen anywhere, instead of throwing the error, fire the error event instead:

  // Definite our Divider Event Emitter
  var events = require('events')
  var Divider = function(){
      events.EventEmitter.call(this)
  }
  require('util').inherits(Divider, events.EventEmitter)
  
  // Add the divide function
  Divider.prototype.divide = function(x,y){
      // if error condition?
      if ( y === 0 ) {
          // "throw" the error safely by emitting it
          var err = new Error("Can't divide by zero")
          this.emit('error', err)
      }
      else {
          // no error occured, continue on
          this.emit('divided', x, y, x/y)
      }
  
      // Chain
      return this;
  }
  
  // Create our divider and listen for errors
  var divider = new Divider()
  divider.on('error', function(err){
      // handle the error safely
      console.log(err)
  })
  divider.on('divided', function(x,y,result){
      console.log(x+'/'+y+'='+result)
  })
  
  // Divide
  divider.divide(4,2).divide(4,0)

Safely "catching" errors

Sometimes though, there may still be code that throws an error somewhere which can lead to an uncaught exception and a potential crash of our application if we don't catch it safely. Depending on our code architecture we can use one of the following methods to catch it:

• When we know where the error is occurring, we can wrap that section in a node.js domain

  var d = require('domain').create()
  d.on('error', function(err){
      // handle the error safely
      console.log(err)
  })
  
  // catch the uncaught errors in this asynchronous or synchronous code block
  d.run(function(){
      // the asynchronous or synchronous code that we want to catch thrown errors on
      var err = new Error('example')
      throw err
  })
  

• If we know where the error is occurring is synchronous code, and for whatever reason can't use domains (perhaps old version of node), we can use the try catch statement:

  // catch the uncaught errors in this synchronous code block
  // try catch statements only work on synchronous code
  try {
      // the synchronous code that we want to catch thrown errors on
      var err = new Error('example')
      throw err
  } catch (err) {
      // handle the error safely
      console.log(err)
  }
  

  However, be careful not to use try...catch in asynchronous code, as an asynchronously thrown error will not be caught:

  try {
      setTimeout(function(){
          var err = new Error('example')
          throw err
      }, 1000)
  }
  catch (err) {
      // Example error won't be caught here... crashing our app
      // hence the need for domains
  }
  

  If you do want to work with try..catch in conjunction with asynchronous code, when running Node 7.4 or higher you can use async/await natively to write your asynchronous functions.

  Another thing to be careful about with try...catch is the risk of wrapping your completion callback inside the try statement like so:

  var divide = function(x,y,next) {
      // if error condition?
      if ( y === 0 ) {
          // "throw" the error safely by calling the completion callback
          // with the first argument being the error
          next(new Error("Can't divide by zero"))
      }
      else {
          // no error occured, continue on
          next(null, x/y)
      }
  }
  
  var continueElsewhere = function(err, result){
          throw new Error('elsewhere has failed')
  }
  
  try {
          divide(4, 2, continueElsewhere)
          // ^ the execution of divide, and the execution of 
          //   continueElsewhere will be inside the try statement
  }
  catch (err) {
          console.log(err.stack)
          // ^ will output the "unexpected" result of: elsewhere has failed
  }
  

  This gotcha is very easy to do as your code becomes more complex. As such, it is best to either use domains or to return errors to avoid (1) uncaught exceptions in asynchronous code (2) the try catch catching execution that you don't want it to. In languages that allow for proper threading instead of JavaScript's asynchronous event-machine style, this is less of an issue.

• Finally, in the case where an uncaught error happens in a place that wasn't wrapped in a domain or a try catch statement, we can make our application not crash by using the uncaughtException listener (however doing so can put the application in an unknown state):

  // catch the uncaught errors that weren't wrapped in a domain or try catch statement
  // do not use this in modules, but only in applications, as otherwise we could have multiple of these bound
  process.on('uncaughtException', function(err) {
      // handle the error safely
      console.log(err)
  })
  
  // the asynchronous or synchronous code that emits the otherwise uncaught error
  var err = new Error('example')
  throw err

Following is a summarization and curation from many different sources on this topic including code example and quotes from selected blog posts. The complete list of best practices can be found here

---

Best practices of Node.JS error handling

---

Number1: Use promises for async error handling

TL;DR: Handling async errors in callback style is probably the fastest way to hell (a.k.a the pyramid of doom). The best gift you can give to your code is using instead a reputable promise library which provides much compact and familiar code syntax like try-catch

Otherwise: Node.JS callback style, function(err, response), is a promising way to un-maintainable code due to the mix of error handling with casual code, excessive nesting and awkward coding patterns

Code example - good

doWork()
.then(doWork)
.then(doError)
.then(doWork)
.catch(errorHandler)
.then(verify);

code example anti pattern – callback style error handling

getData(someParameter, function(err, result){
    if(err != null)
      //do something like calling the given callback function and pass the error
    getMoreData(a, function(err, result){
          if(err != null)
            //do something like calling the given callback function and pass the error
        getMoreData(b, function(c){ 
                getMoreData(d, function(e){ 
                    ...
                });
            });
        });
    });
});

Blog quote: "We have a problem with promises" (From the blog pouchdb, ranked 11 for the keywords "Node Promises")

"…And in fact, callbacks do something even more sinister: they deprive us of the stack, which is something we usually take for granted in programming languages. Writing code without a stack is a lot like driving a car without a brake pedal: you don’t realize how badly you need it, until you reach for it and it’s not there. The whole point of promises is to give us back the language fundamentals we lost when we went async: return, throw, and the stack. But you have to know how to use promises correctly in order to take advantage of them."

---

Number2: Use only the built-in Error object

TL;DR: It pretty common to see code that throws errors as string or as a custom type – this complicates the error handling logic and the interoperability between modules. Whether you reject a promise, throw exception or emit error – using Node.JS built-in Error object increases uniformity and prevents loss of error information

Otherwise: When executing some module, being uncertain which type of errors come in return – makes it much harder to reason about the coming exception and handle it. Even worth, using custom types to describe errors might lead to loss of critical error information like the stack trace!

Code example - doing it right

    //throwing an Error from typical function, whether sync or async
 if(!productToAdd)
 throw new Error("How can I add new product when no value provided?");

//'throwing' an Error from EventEmitter
const myEmitter = new MyEmitter();
myEmitter.emit('error', new Error('whoops!'));

//'throwing' an Error from a Promise
 return new promise(function (resolve, reject) {
 DAL.getProduct(productToAdd.id).then((existingProduct) =>{
 if(existingProduct != null)
 return reject(new Error("Why fooling us and trying to add an existing product?"));

code example anti pattern

//throwing a String lacks any stack trace information and other important properties
if(!productToAdd)
    throw ("How can I add new product when no value provided?");

Blog quote: "A string is not an error" (From the blog devthought, ranked 6 for the keywords “Node.JS error object”)

"…passing a string instead of an error results in reduced interoperability between modules. It breaks contracts with APIs that might be performing instanceof Error checks, or that want to know more about the error. Error objects, as we’ll see, have very interesting properties in modern JavaScript engines besides holding the message passed to the constructor.."

---

Number3: Distinguish operational vs programmer errors

TL;DR: Operations errors (e.g. API received an invalid input) refer to known cases where the error impact is fully understood and can be handled thoughtfully. On the other hand, programmer error (e.g. trying to read undefined variable) refers to unknown code failures that dictate to gracefully restart the application

Otherwise: You may always restart the application when an error appear, but why letting ~5000 online users down because of a minor and predicted error (operational error)? the opposite is also not ideal – keeping the application up when unknown issue (programmer error) occurred might lead unpredicted behavior. Differentiating the two allows acting tactfully and applying a balanced approach based on the given context

Code example - doing it right

    //throwing an Error from typical function, whether sync or async
 if(!productToAdd)
 throw new Error("How can I add new product when no value provided?");

//'throwing' an Error from EventEmitter
const myEmitter = new MyEmitter();
myEmitter.emit('error', new Error('whoops!'));

//'throwing' an Error from a Promise
 return new promise(function (resolve, reject) {
 DAL.getProduct(productToAdd.id).then((existingProduct) =>{
 if(existingProduct != null)
 return reject(new Error("Why fooling us and trying to add an existing product?"));

code example - marking an error as operational (trusted)

//marking an error object as operational 
var myError = new Error("How can I add new product when no value provided?");
myError.isOperational = true;

//or if you're using some centralized error factory (see other examples at the bullet "Use only the built-in Error object")
function appError(commonType, description, isOperational) {
    Error.call(this);
    Error.captureStackTrace(this);
    this.commonType = commonType;
    this.description = description;
    this.isOperational = isOperational;
};

throw new appError(errorManagement.commonErrors.InvalidInput, "Describe here what happened", true);

//error handling code within middleware
process.on('uncaughtException', function(error) {
    if(!error.isOperational)
        process.exit(1);
});

Blog Quote: "Otherwise you risk the state" (From the blog debugable, ranked 3 for the keywords "Node.JS uncaught exception")

"…By the very nature of how throw works in JavaScript, there is almost never any way to safely “pick up where you left off”, without leaking references, or creating some other sort of undefined brittle state. The safest way to respond to a thrown error is to shut down the process. Of course, in a normal web server, you might have many connections open, and it is not reasonable to abruptly shut those down because an error was triggered by someone else. The better approach is to send an error response to the request that triggered the error, while letting the others finish in their normal time, and stop listening for new requests in that worker"

---

Number4: Handle errors centrally, through but not within middleware

TL;DR: Error handling logic such as mail to admin and logging should be encapsulated in a dedicated and centralized object that all end-points (e.g. Express middleware, cron jobs, unit-testing) call when an error comes in.

Otherwise: Not handling errors within a single place will lead to code duplication and probably to errors that are handled improperly

Code example - a typical error flow

//DAL layer, we don't handle errors here
DB.addDocument(newCustomer, (error, result) => {
    if (error)
        throw new Error("Great error explanation comes here", other useful parameters)
});

//API route code, we catch both sync and async errors and forward to the middleware
try {
    customerService.addNew(req.body).then(function (result) {
        res.status(200).json(result);
    }).catch((error) => {
        next(error)
    });
}
catch (error) {
    next(error);
}

//Error handling middleware, we delegate the handling to the centrzlied error handler
app.use(function (err, req, res, next) {
    errorHandler.handleError(err).then((isOperationalError) => {
        if (!isOperationalError)
            next(err);
    });
});

Blog quote: "Sometimes lower levels can’t do anything useful except propagate the error to their caller" (From the blog Joyent, ranked 1 for the keywords “Node.JS error handling”)

"…You may end up handling the same error at several levels of the stack. This happens when lower levels can’t do anything useful except propagate the error to their caller, which propagates the error to its caller, and so on. Often, only the top-level caller knows what the appropriate response is, whether that’s to retry the operation, report an error to the user, or something else. But that doesn’t mean you should try to report all errors to a single top-level callback, because that callback itself can’t know in what context the error occurred"

Number5: Document API errors using Swagger

TL;DR: Let your API callers know which errors might come in return so they can handle these thoughtfully without crashing. This is usually done with REST API documentation frameworks like Swagger

Otherwise: An API client might decide to crash and restart only because he received back an error he couldn’t understand. Note: the caller of your API might be you (very typical in a microservices environment)

Blog quote: "You have to tell your callers what errors can happen" (From the blog Joyent, ranked 1 for the keywords “Node.JS logging”)

…We’ve talked about how to handle errors, but when you’re writing a new function, how do you deliver errors to the code that called your function? …If you don’t know what errors can happen or don’t know what they mean, then your program cannot be correct except by accident. So if you’re writing a new function, you have to tell your callers what errors can happen and what they mea

---

Number6: Shut the process gracefully when a stranger comes to town

TL;DR: When an unknown error occurs (a developer error, see best practice number #3)- there is uncertainty about the application healthiness. A common practice suggests restarting the process carefully using a ‘restarter’ tool like Forever and PM2

Otherwise: When an unfamiliar exception is caught, some object might be in a faulty state (e.g an event emitter which is used globally and not firing events anymore due to some internal failure) and all future requests might fail or behave crazily

Code example - deciding whether to crash

//deciding whether to crash when an uncaught exception arrives
//Assuming developers mark known operational errors with error.isOperational=true, read best practice #3
process.on('uncaughtException', function(error) {
 errorManagement.handler.handleError(error);
 if(!errorManagement.handler.isTrustedError(error))
 process.exit(1)
});


//centralized error handler encapsulates error-handling related logic 
function errorHandler(){
 this.handleError = function (error) {
 return logger.logError(err).then(sendMailToAdminIfCritical).then(saveInOpsQueueIfCritical).then(determineIfOperationalError);
 }

 this.isTrustedError = function(error)
 {
 return error.isOperational;
 }

Blog quote: "There are three schools of thoughts on error handling" (From the blog jsrecipes)

…There are primarily three schools of thoughts on error handling: 1. Let the application crash and restart it. 2. Handle all possible errors and never crash. 3. Balanced approach between the two

---

Number7: Use a mature logger to increase errors visibility

TL;DR: A set of mature logging tools like Winston, Bunyan or Log4J, will speed-up error discovery and understanding. So forget about console.log.

Otherwise: Skimming through console.logs or manually through messy text file without querying tools or a decent log viewer might keep you busy at work until late

Code example - Winston logger in action

//your centralized logger object
var logger = new winston.Logger({
 level: 'info',
 transports: [
 new (winston.transports.Console)(),
 new (winston.transports.File)({ filename: 'somefile.log' })
 ]
 });

//custom code somewhere using the logger
logger.log('info', 'Test Log Message with some parameter %s', 'some parameter', { anything: 'This is metadata' });

Blog quote: "Lets identify a few requirements (for a logger):" (From the blog strongblog)

…Lets identify a few requirements (for a logger): 1. Time stamp each log line. This one is pretty self explanatory – you should be able to tell when each log entry occured. 2. Logging format should be easily digestible by humans as well as machines. 3. Allows for multiple configurable destination streams. For example, you might be writing trace logs to one file but when an error is encountered, write to the same file, then into error file and send an email at the same time…

---

Number8: Discover errors and downtime using APM products

TL;DR: Monitoring and performance products (a.k.a APM) proactively gauge your codebase or API so they can auto-magically highlight errors, crashes and slow parts that you were missing

Otherwise: You might spend great effort on measuring API performance and downtimes, probably you’ll never be aware which are your slowest code parts under real world scenario and how these affects the UX

Blog quote: "APM products segments" (From the blog Yoni Goldberg)

"…APM products constitutes 3 major segments:1. Website or API monitoring – external services that constantly monitor uptime and performance via HTTP requests. Can be setup in few minutes. Following are few selected contenders: Pingdom, Uptime Robot, and New Relic 2. Code instrumentation – products family which require to embed an agent within the application to benefit feature slow code detection, exceptions statistics, performance monitoring and many more. Following are few selected contenders: New Relic, App Dynamics 3. Operational intelligence dashboard – these line of products are focused on facilitating the ops team with metrics and curated content that helps to easily stay on top of application performance. This is usually involves aggregating multiple sources of information (application logs, DB logs, servers log, etc) and upfront dashboard design work. Following are few selected contenders: Datadog, Splunk"

You can catch uncaught exceptions, but it's of limited use. See http://debuggable.com/posts/node-js-dealing-with-uncaught-exceptions:4c933d54-1428-443c-928d-4e1ecbdd56cb

monit, forever or upstart can be used to restart node process when it crashes. A graceful shutdown is best you can hope for (e.g. save all in-memory data in uncaught exception handler).

nodejs domains is the most up to date way of handling errors in nodejs. Domains can capture both error/other events as well as traditionally thrown objects. Domains also provide functionality for handling callbacks with an error passed as the first argument via the intercept method.

As with normal try/catch-style error handling, is is usually best to throw errors when they occur, and block out areas where you want to isolate errors from affecting the rest of the code. The way to "block out" these areas are to call domain.run with a function as a block of isolated code.

In synchronous code, the above is enough - when an error happens you either let it be thrown through, or you catch it and handle there, reverting any data you need to revert.

try {  
  //something
} catch(e) {
  // handle data reversion
  // probably log too
}

When the error happens in an asynchronous callback, you either need to be able to fully handle the rollback of data (shared state, external data like databases, etc). OR you have to set something to indicate that an exception has happened - where ever you care about that flag, you have to wait for the callback to complete.

var err = null;
var d = require('domain').create();
d.on('error', function(e) {
  err = e;
  // any additional error handling
}
d.run(function() { Fiber(function() {
  // do stuff
  var future = somethingAsynchronous();
  // more stuff

  future.wait(); // here we care about the error
  if(err != null) {
    // handle data reversion
    // probably log too
  }

})});

Some of that above code is ugly, but you can create patterns for yourself to make it prettier, eg:

var specialDomain = specialDomain(function() {
  // do stuff
  var future = somethingAsynchronous();
  // more stuff

  future.wait(); // here we care about the error
  if(specialDomain.error()) {
    // handle data reversion
    // probably log too
  } 
}, function() { // "catch"
  // any additional error handling
});

UPDATE (2013-09):

Above, I use a future that implies fibers semantics, which allow you to wait on futures in-line. This actually allows you to use traditional try-catch blocks for everything - which I find to be the best way to go. However, you can't always do this (ie in the browser)...

There are also futures that don't require fibers semantics (which then work with normal, browsery JavaScript). These can be called futures, promises, or deferreds (I'll just refer to futures from here on). Plain-old-JavaScript futures libraries allow errors to be propagated between futures. Only some of these libraries allow any thrown future to be correctly handled, so beware.

An example:

returnsAFuture().then(function() {
  console.log('1')
  return doSomething() // also returns a future

}).then(function() {
  console.log('2')
  throw Error("oops an error was thrown")

}).then(function() {
  console.log('3')

}).catch(function(exception) {
  console.log('handler')
  // handle the exception
}).done()

This mimics a normal try-catch, even though the pieces are asynchronous. It would print:

1
2
handler

Note that it doesn't print '3' because an exception was thrown that interrupts that flow.

Take a look at bluebird promises:

• https://github.com/petkaantonov/bluebird

Note that I haven't found many other libraries other than these that properly handle thrown exceptions. jQuery's deferred, for example, don't - the "fail" handler would never get the exception thrown an a 'then' handler, which in my opinion is a deal breaker.

Catching errors has been very well discussed here, but it's worth remembering to log the errors out somewhere so you can view them and fix stuff up.

​Bunyan is a popular logging framework for NodeJS - it supporst writing out to a bunch of different output places which makes it useful for local debugging, as long as you avoid console.log.​In your domain's error handler you could spit the error out to a log file.

var log = bunyan.createLogger({
  name: 'myapp',
  streams: [
    {
      level: 'error',
      path: '/var/tmp/myapp-error.log'  // log ERROR to this file
    }
  ]
});

This can get time consuming if you have lots of errors and/or servers to check, so it could be worth looking into a tool like Raygun (disclaimer, I work at Raygun) to group errors together - or use them both together.​If you decided to use Raygun as a tool, it's pretty easy to setup too

var raygunClient = new raygun.Client().init({ apiKey: 'your API key' });
raygunClient.send(theError);

​Crossed with using a tool like PM2 or forever, your app should be able to crash, log out what happened and reboot without any major issues.

If you want use Services in Ubuntu(Upstart): Node as a service in Ubuntu 11.04 with upstart, monit and forever.js